The Nagoya – Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was adopted in Nagoya, Japan, in October 2010.

The Nagoya Protocol, in force since October 2014, is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Its objective is to achieve fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources.

The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal was adopted in response to strong public protest in the 1980s, following the discovery of toxic waste deposits in developing countries from abroad.